Apa Efek Samping Kedelai?

2024 Pengarang: Cecilia Ryder | [email protected]. Terakhir diubah: 2023-12-17 14:21

Kedelai adalah tumbuhan polong yang banyak dikonsumsi. Ini adalah makanan pokok Asia dan digunakan sebagai bahan dalam beberapa makanan olahan. Protein dalam kedelai (protein kedelai) dapat menggantikan protein hewani dalam makanan Anda dan diperoleh setelah mengeluarkan kulit luar kedelai dan asam lemaknya (1), (2).

Meskipun kedelai kaya akan nutrisi seperti kalsium, zat besi, seng, dan asam amino, namun dapat menyebabkan efek samping tertentu (3).

Jika dikonsumsi berlebihan, dapat mengganggu pengobatan regulasi tiroid dan menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan testosteron, alergi, dan perkembangan kanker.

Selain itu, penggunaan produk kedelai secara berlebihan dalam jangka panjang bisa jadi tidak aman. Dalam posting ini, kami membahas kedelai dan kemungkinan efek sampingnya. Teruskan membaca.

Daftar Isi

• Apa Masalah Utama dengan Kedelai?
• Apa Yang Terjadi Saat Anda Mengkonsumsi Kedelai? Apa Penyebab Efek Negatif?
• Apa Efek Merugikan Kedelai (Protein Kedelai)?
• Produk Kedelai Mana yang Harus Anda Hindari?
• Berapa Banyak Kedelai Yang Aman Dikonsumsi Dalam Sehari?
• Apakah Makan Terlalu Banyak Kedelai Berbahaya?

Apa Masalah Utama dengan Kedelai?

Masalah utama kedelai adalah kandungan isoflavonnya.

Kedelai adalah reservoir fitoestrogen (isoflavon), yang secara struktural dan fungsional mirip dengan hormon estrogen dalam tubuh Anda (3). Isoflavon adalah kelas fitoestrogen (juga disebut protein kedelai) yang ditemukan dalam produk kedelai dan kedelai. Tabel berikut akan memberi Anda gambaran tentang kandungan isoflavon dalam makanan kedelai yang berbeda.

Makanan kedelai yang tidak difermentasi	Konten isoflavon (mg)
susu kedelai, 1 gelas	6
tahu (tahu kacang), lembut, 3 ons	20
kedelai, matang, rebus, ½ gelas	55
kedelai, panggang kering, 1 ons.	40
edamame, rebus, ½ gelas	16
keju kedelai, 1oz.	2
burger kedelai, 1 patty	5
Makanan kedelai yang difermentasi	Konten isoflavon (mg)
miso, 3 ons.	37
natto, 3 ons.	70
tempe, dimasak, 3 ons.	30
kecap, 1 sdm	0,02

Sumber: Sekolah Kesehatan Masyarakat Harvard THChan

Fitoestrogen kedelai telah digunakan untuk mengkompensasi kekurangan hormon estrogen. Protein kedelai adalah bagian dari terapi penggantian estrogen yang diberikan kepada wanita yang sedang mengalami menopause (3).

Beberapa studi epidemiologi menunjukkan bahwa asupan makanan fitoestrogen dapat mengurangi kejadian penyakit kardiovaskular pascamenopause, osteoporosis, dan hot flashes, di antara gejala-gejala lainnya. Data kontras juga melaporkan tentang potensi fitoestrogen untuk mencegah kanker payudara dan prostat (3).

Namun, manfaat kedelai belum jelas. Faktanya, penelitian tertentu lainnya juga menyatakan bahwa protein kedelai dapat menyebabkan potensi bahaya (3).

Apa Yang Terjadi Saat Anda Mengkonsumsi Kedelai? Apa Penyebab Efek Negatif?

Saat Anda mengonsumsi kedelai (protein kedelai) dalam bentuk apa pun, isoflavon kedelai (fitoestrogen) mengikat reseptor estrogen di tubuh Anda. Fitoestrogen ini bersaing dengan estrogen alami untuk mengikat reseptor. Ini menghasilkan aktivitas estrogenik atau anti-estrogenik yang lemah. Dengan kata lain, isoflavon kedelai dapat membuat estrogen alami dalam tubuh Anda menjadi kurang efektif (3), (4).

Interaksi semacam itu dapat menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan hormon dan menyebabkan perubahan terkait gender pada anak perempuan. Mereka juga dapat memberikan efek anti-androgenik pada pria. Pria mungkin mulai menumbuhkan payudara (ginekomastia) dan mengalami penurunan konsentrasi sperma saat menjalani diet tinggi kedelai (3).

Overdosis isoflavon dalam jangka waktu lama dapat merangsang endometrium (rahim) dan payudara pada wanita. Oleh karena itu, siapa pun yang pernah dirawat karena kanker payudara biasanya dianjurkan untuk menghindari protein kedelai (3).

Fitoestrogen dapat mempengaruhi beberapa proses fisiologis dan patologis dalam tubuh. Isolat kedelai dosis tinggi dapat menyebabkan efek buruk pada reproduksi, kulit, remodelling tulang, sistem kardiovaskular, sistem saraf, sistem kekebalan, dan metabolisme.

Mari kita lihat efek buruk kedelai (protein kedelai) secara detail.

Apa Efek Merugikan Kedelai (Protein Kedelai)?

1. Dapat Mengganggu Regulasi Tiroid

Makanan kedelai dapat meningkatkan risiko berkembangnya hipotiroidisme pada orang dengan fungsi tiroid yang terganggu. Orang-orang tersebut dapat mengembangkan penyakit gondok dan tiroid autoimun. Risiko ini semakin meningkat ketika asupan yodium individu rendah (5).

Isoflavon kedelai terbukti menghambat aktivitas enzim yang disebut tiroid peroksidase. Enzim ini diperlukan untuk sintesis hormon tiroid. Inilah sebabnya mengapa Anda mungkin menghadapi risiko hipotiroidisme saat Anda makan banyak protein kedelai (6).

Produk kedelai juga mengganggu penyerapan levothyroxine (L-tiroksin), obat yang digunakan untuk mengobati kekurangan hormon tiroid (7). Karena protein kedelai tampaknya mengubah ketersediaan obat, Anda mungkin disarankan untuk tidak mengonsumsi protein kedelai jika Anda mengalami ketidakseimbangan tiroid.

Namun, asupan isoflavon kedelai yang tinggi tampaknya tidak meningkatkan risiko hipotiroidisme, kecuali jika dibarengi dengan konsumsi yodium yang tidak memadai. Oleh karena itu, pengaruh protein kedelai pada kelenjar tiroid masih diperdebatkan. Penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan dalam hal ini.

2. Dapat Menyebabkan Ketidakseimbangan Testosteron

Sebuah penelitian dilakukan pada 12 subjek laki-laki yang mengonsumsi 56 g isolat protein kedelai setiap hari selama empat minggu. Akibatnya, kadar testosteron serum mereka turun 19% (8). Meskipun datanya tidak konsisten, ditemukan bahwa protein kedelai menurunkan kadar testosteron serum pada pria sehat.

Protein kedelai dikatakan memiliki efek buruk pada fungsi reproduksi pria. Namun, tidak ada penelitian khusus terkait hal ini. Faktanya, beberapa penelitian pada hewan menyatakan bahwa isoflavon kedelai tidak menimbulkan efek feminisasi pada pria (9).

Most of the observations are based on lab and animal studies. Hence, the relationship between soy isoflavones and testosterone is inconclusive (10).

3. May Elicit Hypersensitivity (Allergy)

Soy products can cause allergies or hypersensitivity in children and adults. Often, soy allergy starts in infancy, with reaction to soy-Soy products that can cause allergies or hypersensitivity in children and adults. Often, soy allergy starts in infancy with a reaction to soy-based infant formula. However, most children outgrow soy allergy (11).

Generally, soy allergy is uncomfortable but not severe. An allergic reaction to soy is rarely frightening or lethal. Symptoms of soy allergy may include tingling in the mouth, eczema or itchy skin, wheezing, diarrhea, stomach ache, vomiting, and skin redness (flushing) (12).

If you experience any of these symptoms, you may have a soy allergy. Get tested to confirm the allergy. If tested positive, you may be advised against having soy products/isoflavones.

4. May Increase The Risk Of Cancer Proliferation

Soy isoflavones (one of them being genistein) may stimulate the proliferation of cancer cells in your body. This is especially true in the case of estrogen-dependent breast cancer, as soy isoflavones tend to have estrogenic effects (13).

As per animal studies, genistein may deregulate the cell cycle and trigger tumor development. It acts by triggering the estrogen receptors (14).

Contrarily, human studies show an inverse relationship between cancer and isoflavones. Soy intake was also found to reduce the incidence and death rate caused due to breast cancer. This could be because of the anti-estrogenic effect exerted by phytoestrogens (13).

The amount and source of soy isoflavones also greatly impact breast cancer risk (14).

5. May Trigger Alzheimer’s Dementia

Traditionally, soy foods were used in cooking only after fermenting. This two-step routine would destroy most of the anti-nutrients in soy, such as isoflavones (like genistein and daidzein) and DNA-altering enzymes (like topoisomerases) (15).

When you eat unfermented, cooked/uncooked soy foods, these anti-nutrients may affect the vital systems of your body, including your brain (15).

These anti-nutrients in soy could have detrimental effects on many individuals. Soy isoflavones could increase the risk of Alzheimer’s dementia (15).

If you are dealing with dementia or have a family history of this condition, it is safe to reduce your soy consumption (15).

6. May Cause Infant Health Issues

Infant food formulas contain fair amounts of soy protein/isoflavones. Infants who are fed these formulas are exposed to 5.7–11.9 mg isoflavones/kg body weight during the first four months of life (16).

These kids are exposed to 6–11 times higher levels of isoflavones than adults. This could lead to disturbances in the reproductive health and endocrine function in the child. The major isoflavones, daidzein and genistein, preferentially bind to the estrogen receptors in the body (16).

However, these conclusions are based on animal studies. Human studies may give a different picture. Moreover, currently available soy-based formulas show no overt toxicities in healthy infants (16), (17). Hence, check with your pediatrician before giving soy-based formulas to your child.

7. Unsure Osteoprotective Effects

Soy protein has shown to conserve bone mineral density, particularly in postmenopausal women. In perimenopausal women, the soy isoflavones were shown to prevent bone loss from the lumbar spine. These compounds had no significant effect (neither positive nor negative) on bone formation and/or bone resorption (18).

In some cases, the mineral balance could be impaired with soy consumption. Soybeans contain (by weight) about 1–3% phytic acid (also called phytate). Phytic acid is an anti-nutrient that binds to minerals like zinc, iron, and calcium. Along with soy isoflavones, phytic acid also may decrease their bioavailability (18).

However, a major chunk of literature highlights the osteoprotective effect of soy protein. Further research is needed to determine the precise impact of soy protein/foods on bone density and other related diseases (19).

Most of the research on soybeans and soy protein is still unclear. While in some studies they seem to promote health, certain other studies tend to state the potential harm they may cause. However, this does not mean you have to totally be off soy. There are a few specific soy products you may want to avoid.

Which Soy Products Should You Avoid?

Moderation is important, and so is eating right. Choosing the right kind of soy products can protect you from the adverse effects mentioned above.

When given a choice between natural soy foods and soy protein isolate, go for the natural options. Avoid industrial soy foods if you have iodine deficiency or thyroid imbalance (15).

Whole soy foods are mostly fermented and cooked in a healthier manner. You can take tofu, edamame, soy milk, tempeh, miso, and natto a few times every week.

How Much Soy Is Safe To Eat In A Day?

According to the US FDA, daily consumption of 25 g of soy seems to be safe. This amount of soy could also help lower cholesterol levels (20).

It also is believed that the intake of 50 g of soy protein per day could help prevent heart disease, diabetes, and estrogen-dependent cancers. However, more research is warranted.

There is limited information on the excess intake of soy protein/soybeans. But we don’t recommend you take more than 25 grams per day.

Is Eating Too Much Soy Harmful?

There is little information about the toxicity of soy protein. In limited doses, soy protein may be helpful for women who are at a high risk of breast cancer (21).

Some studies reported very few drug-related adverse events, which were mild. In very few cases, high levels of soy isoflavones adversely affected blood pressure levels (22).

Hence, it is important you talk to your healthcare provider about a suitable dosage for you.

Conclusion

Soy protein could be the reason Asians have historically had lower rates of cardiovascular disease. Their menopausal symptoms and incidence of breast cancer, diabetes, and obesity are also lower than their Western counterparts (23).

There is substantial yet unclear evidence stating the adverse effects of soybeans and soy protein/foods. Soy isoflavones may disturb the hormonal balance, stimulate cancer proliferation, and trigger allergies.

Hence, choose your soy portions carefully. Pick fermented soy foods over protein or isoflavone isolates. Follow the instructions by your physician/nutritionist and stick to the recommended intake limit.

23 sources

Stylecraze memiliki panduan sumber yang ketat dan bergantung pada studi peer-review, lembaga penelitian akademis, dan asosiasi medis. Kami menghindari penggunaan referensi tersier. Anda dapat mempelajari lebih lanjut tentang bagaimana kami memastikan konten kami akurat dan terkini dengan membaca kebijakan editorial kami.

• Wawasan tentang efek berbahaya dari protein kedelai: Tinjauan, La Clinica Terapeutica, Perpustakaan Kedokteran Nasional AS, Institut Kesehatan Nasional.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26152621

• Protein Kedelai, Jurnal Pendidikan Perinatal, Perpustakaan Kedokteran Nasional AS, Institut Kesehatan Nasional.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1595159/

• Soy and phytoestrogens: possible side effects, German Medical Science, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4270274/

• Phytochemicals Targeting Estrogen Receptors: Beneficial Rather Than Adverse Effects?, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5535874/

• Effects of soy protein and soybean isoflavones on thyroid function in healthy adults and hypothyroid patients: a review of the relevant literature, Thyroid: Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16571087

• Systematic Review and Meta-analysis on the Effect of Soy on Thyroid Function, Scientific Reports, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6408586/

• Unawareness of the effects of soy intake on the management of congenital hypothyroidism, Pediatrics, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22908106

• Effect of Soy Protein on Testosterone Levels, Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, AACR Publications.

  cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/2795-12-16.long

• Soybean Isoflavone Exposure Does Not Have Feminizing Effects on Men: A Critical Examination of the Clinical Evidence, Fertility and Sterility, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20378106-soybean-isoflavone-exposure-does-not-have-feminizing-effects-on-men-a-critical-examination-of-the-clinical-evidence/

• Soy, Soy Foods and Their Role in Vegetarian Diets, Nutrients, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5793271/

• Soy hypersensitivity in children with food allergy, Annals of Allergy, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1380784

• Soy Allergy in Patients Suffering from Atopic Dermatitis, Indian Journal of Dermatology, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3726893/

• Genistein: does it prevent or promote breast cancer?, Environmental Health Perspectives, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1638285/pdf/envhper00309-0057.pdf

• Dietary Isoflavones and Breast Cancer Risk, Medicines, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5590054/

• A possible cause of Alzheimer’s dementia – industrial soy foods, Medical Hypotheses, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24440006

• Early Exposure to Soy Isoflavones and Effects on Reproductive Health: A Review of Human and Animal Studies, Nutrients, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257624/

• Concerns for the use of soy-based formulas in infant nutrition, Paediatrics Child Health, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2661347/

• The effect of soy food intake on mineral status in premenopausal women, Journal of Women’s Health, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21486162

• The Significance of Soy Protein and Soy Bioactive Compounds in the Prophylaxis and Treatment of Osteoporosis, Journal of Osteoporosis, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2957241/

• Soy Protein, Isoflavones, and Cardiovascular Health: A Summary of a Statement for Professionals From the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee, ResearchGate.

  www.researchgate.net/publication/6927948_Soy_Protein_Isoflavones_and_Cardiovascular_Health_A_Summary_of_a_Statement_for_Professionals_From_the_American_Heart_Association_Nutrition_Committee

• Is Soy Consumption Good or Bad for the Breast?, The Journal of Nutrition, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2981011/#_sec9title

• Effects of a high daily dose of soy isoflavones on DNA damage, apoptosis and estrogenic outcomes in healthy, postmenopausal women – a Phase I clinical trial, Menopause, Author manuscript, HHS Public Access, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2574732/

• The pros and cons of phytoestrogens, Frontiers of Neuroendocrinology, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3074428/